Conspiracies

Conspiracy

Why do we love conspiracies so much? We are so fond of them that the television series, “The X-Files” ran for years. The movie, “Men in Black” had a sequel. Every nuance of every detail of the murder of President Kennedy has been analyzed and explained many times over. Certainly not everyone sees plots hatching in every shadow like the hyper-vigilant few, but most of us are ready to at least consider the possibility when we hear a good story well told.

Maybe thousands of scientists are conspiring with governments around the world to foist upon us the great lie of climate change. There is probably a good explanation for their motive, too. But more likely it is our tendency to enjoy a good conspiracy story. We love the way all the facts fit together. We love the idea of cunning villains working behind the scenes. We love to have our suspicions confirmed. And we especially love the detailed alternative explanation of the facts.

This tendency is understandable when we see how it relates to instincts crucial to our survival. Seeing real patterns in the ways of the world is obviously important. It was helpful to know when the salmon would be in the river, for instance. Seeing patterns that aren’t there is an acceptable price to pay for the ability to see the ones that are. Imagining that there is a real threat behind some subtle hints in our environment probably saved a few people from being eaten by a predator. It doesn’t matter that in most cases it might have been just the wind that made the grass move. So, instincts that kept our ancestors alive long enough to reproduce remain with us today. The fact that those instincts sometimes cause us to see things that aren’t real is just something we have to live with.

Here are some of the most popular conspiracy theories. Apologies in advance if they ignite any suspicions you didn’t have already.

Roswell
In 1947, near Roswell, New Mexico, something crashed. There was a campaign to hide the fact that it was a secret, high-altitude military balloon. Decades later, stories of alien bodies re-vitalized the incident.

JFK
In 1963, JFK was killed. To this day people continue to debate how, by whom and on whose orders.

Moon
In 1969, humans landed on the Moon for the first time. Some people believe that the mission was a hoax, and everything was faked.

Diana
In 1997, Princess Diana and her lover, Dodi Al-Fayed, died in a car crash. Rather than accept the official explanation of a combination of a drunken chauffeur and the recklessness of pursuing journalists, some continue to believe that it was an assassination.

We do love conspiracies, and we have our reasons.

rjb

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Earworms

Earworm

Have you ever had an earworm? That’s “worm,” not “wig.” An earwig is an insect. You wouldn’t want one in your ear. An earworm is something else altogether.

You know when you have a song or a jingle stuck in your head all day? You can’t get rid of it, it seems. You’ll catch yourself humming or whistling it. It springs up in your inner ear whenever it gets a chance. It drives you nuts.

There are ways to get rid of one. My favorite is to sing a few bars of “Raindrops Keep Falling on My Head.” Not only does it expunge the earworm, it also gets you more elbow room on the plane.

The qualities that make a song a good potential earworm include repetition, simplicity and an upbeat, catchy melody. These elements can be both blatant and insidious. Often the song is intrinsically annoying, as in “Raindrops,” for instance. That’s what makes “Raindrops” so good at prying out other earworms. It’s surprising that it doesn’t get stuck in the brain in place of the one it just turfed out.

In order to avoid the danger of replacing one earworm with another, an alternative is “completion.” The trick in completion is to seize the earworm and force it to complete itself. Instead of allowing it to repeat the same few bars all day long, you make it go to the end. Often this banishes it completely.

That may explain why earworms are so effective. It could be that they create an itch in the brain to finish what is teasingly started by the repetitive jingle. Earworm researchers call that annoying state a “cognitive itch.” We scratch the itch by repeating the ditty all day, when what we really want is to remove the itch permanently.

Of course, what advertisers would like to do is find an earworm that can be easily inserted into our heads and impossible to get out. That should be doable since 97-99% of people are susceptible to earworms.

There wasn’t an English word for this phenomenon until recently. We’d just say, “You know when you get a song stuck in your head?” But the Germans have had one for some time: “ohrwurm.” It’s German for “earworm” so we went with that.

So far, fortunately, no one has found a foolproof recipe for creating earworms. But it’s a good idea to find a defense against them, because plenty of earworm researchers are being hired by advertisers.

rjb

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Interstellar Travel – Part Four

Zero Point Field
See also parts one, two and three.

We’ve covered methods of interstellar travel that are achievable with presently understood technology, such as light sails and generation ships. We’ve also looked at methods that we can’t do yet but might be able to soon, such as Bussard ramjets and suspended animation. Now it’s time for the things we can imagine but which we might never be able to do. Continue reading

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